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European Union
from: https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/lebanon/1417/lebanon-and-eu_en
Technical & Financial Cooperation
The European Union provides significant financial aid and technical assistance to Lebanon Since 2011, the European Commission has allocated over EUR 1.5 billion, including aid to respond to the consequences of Syrian crisis in Lebanon.
Among the various instruments within the large EU toolbox, the Single Support Framework (SSF) is based on the bilateral relationship in the framework of the agreed EU-Lebanon Partnership Priorities and the Compact. The current SSF covers the period 2017 to 2020 and provides continuity from the previous focal sectors under the SSF 2014-2016 while builds upon the achievements of and lessons learned from its implementation. EU programming for the period 2017-2020 aims at maximising the impact of EU action by ensuring synergies between the EU and its Member States (including agencies and development banks) including progress towards EU Joint Programming. To ensure Lebanon’s ownership of its development agenda, the EU works through national institutions. EU bilateral assistance offers predictability: financial envelopes are defined for several years and allow for continuous support for development and reform, in accordance with national plans
The SSF 2017-2020 provides for 3 priority sectors of cooperation: 1) promoting growth and job creation; 2) Fostering local governance and socio-economic development; 3) promoting rule of law, enhancing security and counter terrorism. EU-Lebanon cooperation includes specific support for capacity development and institution building as well as measures in favour of civil society. The indicative allocation for EU-Lebanon cooperation for 2017-2020 ranges from € 186.05 million to € 228 million
The EU Regional Trust Fund in response to the Syrian Crisis aims at providing a coherent and reinforced aid response to the Syrian crisis on a regional scale, responding primarily to the needs of refugees from Syria in neighbouring countries, as well as of the communities hosting the refugees and their administrations, in particular as regards resilience and early recovery. As well as having a direct impact on the lives of Syrian refugees, Palestinian Refugees from Syria and vulnerable host communities in Lebanon, EU Trust Fund projects have a common emphasis on pursuing a longer-term resilience agenda that has a transformative effect on public service delivery systems across a range of sectors in the country. Since 2015, the EU Trust Fund has been supporting projects in Education, Health, Protection, Livelihoods, Social Protection, Water and Local development for a value of more than € 500 million.
In addition, humanitarian assistance is provided through the European Commission’s Directorate General for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO), which allocated € 583 million since 2012.
In addition to the above regular and exceptional funding, Lebanon benefits from other cooperation mechanisms, including:
-
The Instrument Contributing to Stability and Peace (IcSP) is the main mechanism through which the EU supports crisis preparedness and management, peace-building and reconciliation initiatives.
-
The European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights(EIDHR) supporting civil society projects in the fields of democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms;
-
Erasmus+ Programme promoting cooperation between higher education institutions;
-
The Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF) promoting investments by European financial institutions, in particular in the areas of transport, energy and the environment;
-
The Horizon 2020 Programme and the Seventh Framework Programme(FP7) funding technology and innovation research projects;
-
Thematic regional programmes promoting networks and integration in the Mediterranean, such as the Programme for Civil Society and Local Authorities.
European assistance in Lebanon is also directly provided by EU countries, as well as by European financial institutions, including the European Investment Bank (EIB).
The EU continues to support Palestine refugees in Lebanon, mainly channelled through the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), but also through non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
NGOs can continuously monitor open and scheduled calls for proposals (and the respective guidelines for applicants) at the following link:
https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/europeaid/online-services/index.cfm
USAID
UKAID
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الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على اشرف المرسلين. وبعد:
تهدف ابحاث هذا القسم الى وضع خطط لادارة البنية التحتية في ما يسمى قديما بلاد الشام و هى تشمل اليوم الدول التالية: سورية ولبنان والاردن وفلسطين المحتلة. نرجوا من الله التوفيق لما يحبه ويرضاه وان تكون هذه الابحاث خيرا للبلاد وجميع سكانها بغض النظر عن دينهم او مذهبهم. فان ما يفتخر به المسلمون بان في البلاد التي هم يشكلون الاكثرية ان فيها مجتمع مختلط الاديان يمارس كل واحد دينه بحرية منذ اكثر من الف سنة.
والهدف هو التخطيط لتقديم بنية تحتية للكهرباء و ادارة ازالة النفايات و البنية التحتية للاتصالات. وذلك في ظل التطورات في المنطقة.
 |
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تاريخ كوريا الجنوبية منذ 1962
برنامج تطوير لبنان الشمالي
سياسات التصدير
-----------------------------------
International Financial Organizations which Finance Projects in Developing Countries:
The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries. It is the largest and most well-known development bank in the world and is an observer at the United Nations Development Group.[7] The bank is headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States. It provided around $61 billion in loans and assistance to "developing" and transition countries in the 2014 fiscal year.[8]
The World Bank (French: Banque mondiale)[5] is an international financial institution that provides interest-free loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.[6] It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group. \
The International Monetary Fund (IMF), also known as the Fund, is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.[1] Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes,[6] it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises.[7] Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016, the fund had SDR477 billion (about $667 billion).[8]
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Political 
Institutions on national Level
---------------------
Political Institutions on local level
بغض اتحادات البلديات في لبنان الشمالي
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Introduction:
Saudi Arabia has very recently and very quickly become an industrialized nation. The demand for power is swiftly increasing (in 1999 alone it grew by 12%). The country has been spending between $3bn and $4bn dollars on expansion per annum
Planning of projects:
Saudi Arabia intends to carry out 16 key power projects in its eastern province of Ihsa over the next three years to meet a steady growth in domestic electricity demand, according to a Saudi official.
The government-controlled Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) is also planning to construct 14 other power generation plants in Ihsa during 2017-2021, said Sadeq Al Hajji, director of the power networks planning at SEC.
He was quoted by the Arabic language daily Al-Watan as saying in a lecture at Isha chamber that the projects in the next three years cover various cities and villages in the province, including Al Salmaniya, Al Ghassaniya, Ain Al Murjan, Al Khalidiya, Al Qadissiya, Al Masoudi, Nada and other areas.
He said the projects are needed to face a steady rise in domestic demand and supply power to new residential areas.
His figures showed massive investments in the electricity sector in the world's largest oil exporter have boosted power generation by nearly 108% over the past 12 years.
source: www.zawya.com
List of Power Plants in Saudi Arabia
|
title |
CapacityMW |
fuel_types |
OutputMWh |
CO2kg |
IntensityKgMWh |
|
4,336 |
2,687,080 |
620 |
|||
|
1,066,720 |
412,550,000 |
387 |
|||
|
68,096 |
33,333,600 |
489 |
|||
|
5,391 |
3,278,570 |
608 |
|||
|
900 |
Heavy Fuel Oil, Natural Gas |
2,902,790 |
1,030,410,000 |
355 |
|
|
563,488 |
230,170,000 |
409 |
|||
|
460,206 |
236,178,000 |
513 |
|||
|
59,352 |
29,397,300 |
495 |
|||
|
9,461 |
5,483,930 |
580 |
|||
|
1,374,200 |
1,617,870,000 |
590 |
|||
|
305 |
Natural Gas |
1,007,110 |
489,446,000 |
486 |
|
|
15,094 |
8,406,880 |
557 |
|||
|
27,306 |
14,455,100 |
529 |
|||
|
10,295 |
5,924,820 |
576 |
|||
|
20,199 |
10,972,400 |
543 |
|||
|
7,650 |
4,515,970 |
590 |
|||
|
29,820 |
15,667,100 |
525 |
|||
|
764,681 |
304,291,000 |
398 |
|||
|
14,534 |
8,120,210 |
559 |
|||
|
24,188 |
12,937,400 |
535 |
|||
|
11,676 |
6,646,940 |
569 |
|||
|
99,583 |
47,185,400 |
474 |
|||
|
339,246 |
160,493,000 |
473 |
|||
|
153,850 |
70,233,300 |
456 |
|||
|
57,907 |
28,742,300 |
496 |
|||
|
1,318,860 |
500,880,000 |
380 |
|||
|
146,349 |
67,096,300 |
459 |
|||
|
26,185 |
13,910,800 |
531 |
|||
|
23,365 |
12,534,600 |
537 |
|||
|
7,798 |
4,595,800 |
589 |
|||
|
4,165,130 |
1,825,030,000 |
438 |
|||
|
305 |
Natural Gas |
990,026 |
481,743,000 |
487 |
|
|
770,938 |
382,045,000 |
496 |
|||
|
47,057 |
23,775,500 |
505 |
|||
|
60,133 |
29,751,100 |
495 |
|||
|
6,004 |
3,618,760 |
603 |
|||
|
312,976 |
165,642,000 |
529 |
|||
|
14,110 |
7,904,300 |
560 |
|||
|
11,855 |
6,740,380 |
568 |
|||
|
74,695 |
36,275,600 |
486 |
|||
|
821,709 |
405,314,000 |
493 |
|||
|
4,655 |
2,867,610 |
616 |
|||
|
148,088 |
67,824,800 |
458 |
|||
|
7,007 |
4,167,610 |
595 |
|||
|
36,327 |
18,766,000 |
517 |
|||
|
331,610 |
264,608,000 |
399 |
|||
|
1,517,200 |
1,082,630,000 |
357 |
|||
|
1,518,100 |
1,111,750,000 |
366 |
|||
|
8,843,560 |
3,328,780,000 |
376 |
|||
|
6,098,770 |
2,601,040,000 |
426 |
|||
|
4,272,830 |
1,868,740,000 |
437 |
|||
|
1,096,950 |
423,229,000 |
386 |
|||
|
938,790 |
1,181,430,000 |
630 |
|||
|
627,835 |
254,091,000 |
405 |
|||
|
11,120 |
6,357,550 |
572 |
|||
|
5,198 |
3,171,520 |
610 |
|||
|
22,251 |
11,986,600 |
539 |
|||
|
4,220 |
2,621,760 |
621 |
|||
|
685,198 |
344,338,000 |
503 |
|||
|
148 |
Natural Gas |
467,568 |
240,317,000 |
514 |
|
|
144,882 |
81,111,400 |
560 |
|||
|
102,794 |
48,575,200 |
473 |
|||
|
76,580 |
86,354,900 |
562 |
|||
|
32,549 |
16,972,500 |
522 |
|||
|
180,607 |
97,009,800 |
537 |
|||
|
268,989 |
117,059,000 |
435 |
|||
|
2,661 |
Oil |
16,100,000 |
4,688,290,000 |
291 |
|
|
131,050 |
118,542,000 |
452 |
|||
|
200,439 |
109,588,000 |
547 |
|||
|
11,505 |
6,558,040 |
570 |
|||
|
186,590 |
83,784,000 |
449 |
|||
|
199,198 |
88,945,800 |
446 |
|||
|
14,567 |
8,137,450 |
559 |
|||
|
107,038 |
50,405,900 |
471 |
|||
|
390,316 |
164,527,000 |
421 |
|||
|
88,604 |
42,405,400 |
479 |
|||
|
5,861 |
3,539,830 |
604 |
|||
|
1,788,150 |
661,633,000 |
370 |
|||
|
76,334 |
37,003,200 |
485 |
|||
|
204,431 |
91,079,500 |
445 |
|||
|
232,783 |
102,564,000 |
440 |
|||
|
66,067 |
32,424,600 |
491 |
|||
|
19,052 |
10,400,900 |
546 |
|||
|
94,688 |
45,060,800 |
476 |
|||
|
5,204 |
3,175,150 |
610 |
|||
|
29,106 |
15,323,300 |
527 |
|||
|
100,661 |
47,652,600 |
474 |
|||
|
16,051 |
8,892,220 |
554 |
|||
|
40,836 |
20,884,300 |
512 |
|||
|
2,712,100 |
1,728,820,000 |
319 |
|||
|
68,632 |
33,574,000 |
489 |
|||
|
24,049 |
12,869,300 |
535 |
|||
|
38,133 |
19,617,000 |
514 |
|||
|
1,576,800 |
922,970,000 |
293 |
|||
|
25,473 |
13,565,100 |
533 |
|||
|
10,158 |
5,852,250 |
576 |
|||
|
200,872 |
14,767,200 |
73 |
|||
|
2,745 |
Natural Gas, Diesel Oil |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
305 |
Natural Gas |
1,001,980 |
487,135,000 |
486 |
|
|
259,054 |
113,099,000 |
437 |
|||
|
1,293,910 |
561,226,000 |
434 |
|||
|
3,393,010 |
1,188,430,000 |
350 |
|||
|
224,494 |
99,219,700 |
442 |
|||
|
232,737 |
102,545,000 |
440 |
|||
|
2,428,990 |
875,483,000 |
361 |
|||
|
7,199 |
4,271,930 |
593 |
|||
|
34,143 |
17,730,900 |
519 |
|||
|
3,846 |
2,407,670 |
626 |
|||
|
58,899 |
29,192,300 |
496 |
|||
|
49,800 |
25,040,100 |
503 |
|||
|
113,024 |
52,976,900 |
469 |
|||
|
9,413 |
5,458,530 |
580 |
|||
|
18,831 |
10,291,100 |
547 |
|||
|
25,473 |
13,565,100 |
533 |
|||
|
7,375 |
4,367,190 |
592 |
|||
|
3,963 |
2,474,800 |
625 |
|||
|
11,907 |
6,767,600 |
568 |
|||
|
15,381 |
8,552,030 |
556 |
|||
|
19,277 |
10,513,400 |
545 |
|||
|
256,980 |
137,976,000 |
537 |
|||
|
157,680 |
71,830,900 |
455 |
|||
|
15,178 |
8,448,610 |
557 |
|||
|
10,633 |
6,101,720 |
574 |
|||
|
28,362 |
14,964,900 |
528 |
|||
|
792,654 |
314,453,000 |
397 |
|||
|
73,829 |
35,891,000 |
486 |
|||
|
96,292 |
45,757,500 |
475 |
|||
|
150 |
Natural Gas |
32,100,000 |
12,065,600,000 |
377 |
|
|
6,334 |
3,800,200 |
600 |
|||
|
50,446 |
25,336,800 |
502 |
|||
|
2,753,150 |
1,243,340,000 |
452 |
|||
|
752,791 |
373,700,000 |
496 |
|||
|
15,752 |
8,740,730 |
555 |
|||
|
9,274 |
5,385,050 |
581 |
|||
|
116,040 |
66,024,900 |
569 |
|||
|
10,633 |
6,101,720 |
574 |
|||
|
52,083 |
26,087,000 |
501 |
|||
|
73,329 |
35,668,700 |
486 |
|||
|
70,659 |
34,479,400 |
488 |
|||
|
10,264 |
5,908,490 |
576 |
|||
|
1,580,030 |
743,056,000 |
470 |
|||
|
17,093 |
9,418,390 |
551 |
|||
|
39,300 |
20,164,900 |
513 |
|||
|
132,180 |
61,130,600 |
463 |
|||
|
48,964 |
24,655,500 |
503 |
|||
|
5,246 |
3,198,730 |
610 |
|||
|
56,730 |
28,207,100 |
497 |
|||
|
353,676 |
150,347,000 |
425 |
|||
|
540,781 |
221,674,000 |
410 |
|||
|
736,873 |
366,369,000 |
497 |
|||
|
994,338 |
483,687,000 |
486 |
|||
|
48,608 |
33,108,600 |
341 |
|||
|
59,481 |
29,456,300 |
495 |
|||
|
4,026 |
2,511,090 |
624 |
|||
|
7,333 |
4,344,510 |
592 |
|||
|
1,121,660 |
431,936,000 |
385 |
|||
|
230,333 |
124,661,000 |
541 |
|||
|
19,612 |
10,680,300 |
545 |
|||
|
4,157 |
2,585,480 |
622 |
|||
|
409,325 |
212,657,000 |
519 |
|||
|
19,320 |
10,535,100 |
545 |
|||
|
24,012 |
12,851,200 |
535 |
|||
|
32,267 |
16,838,300 |
522 |
|||
|
17,939 |
9,843,860 |
549 |
|||
|
190,113 |
85,229,100 |
448 |
|||
|
9,342 |
5,421,340 |
580 |
|||
|
307,576 |
168,851,000 |
549 |
|||
|
4,323 |
Heavy Fuel Oil |
19,100,000 |
5,765,160,000 |
302 |
|
|
1,690,290 |
628,446,000 |
372 |
|||
|
8,986 |
5,231,730 |
582 |
|||
|
168,954 |
76,512,900 |
453 |
|||
|
46,035 |
23,302,900 |
506 |
|||
|
2,400 |
Natural Gas, Oil |
13,500,000 |
5,438,510,000 |
402 |
|
|
223,449 |
98,797,000 |
442 |
|||
|
2,317,070 |
838,523,000 |
362 |
|||
|
14,735 |
8,223,630 |
558 |
|||
|
5,467 |
3,321,200 |
607 |
|||
|
14,298 |
8,000,460 |
560 |
|||
|
60,345 |
29,846,400 |
494 |
|||
|
13,924 |
7,808,140 |
561 |
|||
|
38,164 |
19,631,500 |
514 |
|||
|
10,383 |
5,971,090 |
575 |
|||
|
1,722,730 |
639,467,000 |
371 |
|||
|
4,798 |
2,947,440 |
614 |
|||
|
152,322 |
69,595,600 |
457 |
|||
|
720 |
Fuel Oil |
9,321,300 |
3,851,260,000 |
413 |
|
|
79,010 |
38,187,000 |
484 |
|||
|
271,763 |
118,162,000 |
435 |
|||
|
39,147 |
20,093,200 |
513 |
|||
|
11,449 |
6,529,010 |
570 |
|||
|
413,924 |
214,645,000 |
518 |
|||
|
4,655 |
2,867,610 |
616 |
|||
|
29,115 |
15,327,800 |
527 |
|||
|
2,233,510 |
810,830,000 |
363 |
|||
|
168,416 |
76,289,700 |
453 |
|||
|
139,926 |
78,535,900 |
561 |
|||
|
121,634 |
68,969,600 |
567 |
|||
|
59,863 |
29,628,700 |
495 |
|||
|
382,204 |
199,353,000 |
522 |
|||
|
984,981 |
479,467,000 |
487 |
| 174609820 MWh per year | |||
| MW bei 24h*350d | |||
| 20786,9 MW | (about 20.8 GW installed power in Saudi Arabia actually) | ||